Social Loafing Essay - 1313 Words

Social Loafing A major component of Social Psychological research is based on social loafing. Social loafing can result in diverse possibilities and also not only affects the individual who is conducting the social phenomenon but also group members are subjected to exposure. Discussion regarding the reasons of social loafing as an occurrence will be based primarily on evidence from literature regarding the specific component, envy. Possibilities of outcomes range from members being awarded unfair workloads or dissatisfaction, to group performance being decreased. Theories that support some of these and other notions will become evident after the recognition of previous research findings.†¦show more content†¦The discovery of envy as a component has allowed further analysis in determining explanation for social loafing. According to Reber ad Reber, (2001:244) envy ‘is based on a resentful acknowledgement of those who are more fortunate persons’. Envy can be provoked numerous ways but social comparison is essentially the prompt for this incidence. The phenomenon of envy is usually due to the resentment of personal qualities in correspondence to the Cinderella myth (Ulanov Ulanov, 1983. As cited in Duffy Shaw, 2000). Acknowledgement of superior achievements of a work colleague could merely be adequate to trigger the reaction of envy (Tesser Campbell, 1990. As cited in Duffy Shaw). As could the recognition of lack of sporting abilities compared to other team members be enough to influence or generate this reaction. Traditional workplace settings are believed to be the ideal location for envy to arise due to the tendency for individuals to work closely together (Vecchio, (1995). As cited in Duffy Shaw, (2000). Tesser and Campbell (1990). As cited in Duffy Shaw, (2000) suggest on the occurrence that individuals work together or in groups they are prone to engage in a form of behavior that is notShow MoreRelatedEssay on Working in Groups and Social Loafing1810 Words   |  8 PagesSocial loafing is the effect that people will exert less effort if they are working in a collective environment. Working in groups is an integral part of everyday life because it happens in almost every context whether it is sports teams, organizational groups, project groups and even juries. Therefore it is important to understand the underlying factors that influence this construct. The current research composed of 20 participants, investigated the social loafing effect of two working conditions:Read More|Curbing Social Loafing in the Retail Environment | |3837 Words   |  16 Pages| | |Curbing Social Loafing in the Retail Environment | | | | | Read MoreSocial Loafing And Conformity Within Teams746 Words   |  3 Pagesor teams. With this in mind, Fischer highlights that teams have a list of negatives also associated with them. A few examples are general dysfunction and disagreement, longer decision-making processes, and social loafing (Fischer, 2012). This paper will address the presence of social loafing and conformity within teams. The Problem Statement: Young Life Volunteer Team Young Life (YL) is a Christian, nondenominational organization that shares the gospel with students of all ages (highRead MoreSocial Loafing Essay examples1411 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is Social Loafing? Social Loafing is something everyone has experienced. Most likely if you do not like group work this is one of the main reasons why. â€Å"Social loading describes the tendency of individuals to put forth less effort when they are part of a group. Because all members of the group are pooling their effort to achieve a common goal each member of the group contributes less than they would if they were individually responsible† (Cherry). This challenges the common belief that groupRead MoreThe Term Social Loafing 1543 Words   |  7 Pagesconied the term ‘social loafing’ to describe the idea that people tend to put in less effort when working in groups than when working alone, be it in sports or in academic settings. Now shirking is a term to describe group member who slacks off or avoids working all together based on the fact that he has been put in a group, this essay will try to answer the questions, should shirkers be reported to instructors, and is the group e thically bound to tell the shirker? Is social loafing always shirkingRead MoreCase Study : Business Building, University Of Iowa2200 Words   |  9 Pagesgreat performance, our team maximized process gains by way of information exchange and decreased process losses in terms of social loafing. From lecture, process gains are efforts and actions put forth that help accomplish the task at hand such as information exchange, load balancing, and social facilitation. On the other hand, process losses are high turnover, social loafing, and production blocking. Higher process gains and lower process losses result into superior team productivity (Crawford, 2/2)Read MoreTaking a Look at Social Loafing1178 Words   |  5 Pagesindependently and where the individuals performance cannot be acknowledged as excellent and important are called as social loafing (Joseph Timothy 2012). Social loafing is the characteristic of individuals in a part of their academic life. It may be seen as a failure t o willingly satisfy the duties and commitments to others because of the perception of reduced social pressure. Yet, social loafer or free-rider without exerting effort in a team will gain benefits from the work of others as the outcomeRead MoreTavris in Groups We Shrink Essay699 Words   |  3 Pagesdidnt anybody do anything? What were the people thinking? In addition to being afraid of being an individual in the midst of a group, people often look at others to set the example. Another term for this is, diffusion of responsibility or social loafing. For example, Ive been in many classes where the students were afraid to speak out. But eventually there is a brave soul who ventures to raise their hand to answer a question. And this starts the ball rolling. Eventually each individualRead MoreThe Main Features Of A Bureaucracy And The Scientific Design Of Work2034 Words   |  9 Pagestherefore Fayols’ five functions of management are implemented through impersonal control rather than direct face to face control. In contrast to rationalisation, King and Lawley (2013) describe the social organisation as a belief that the key factors in shaping an individual within the workplace are the social interactions between people. King and Lawley (2013) state that the findings from Hawthorne studies have been credited with humanising management, there has been a shift from individuals being seenRead MoreSocial Loafing and Recommendations on How to Reduce Its Occurrence within Groups Working on University Poster Presentations1286 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Loafing and Recommendations on How to Reduce Its Occurrence within Groups Working on University Poster Presentations Abstract Social loafing occurs in groups and reduces group effectiveness and productivity. Various literatures on social loafing reviewed suggest that the group size, the identifiably of the participants, the evaluation of their performance, people’s beliefs about their feelings of uniqueness, envy, task difficulty, how people’s beliefs about their

Nazi Germany A Totalitarian State - 1532 Words

Nazi Germany: A Totalitarian State? The purpose of this essay is to explain whether Nazi Germany was a totalitarian state or not. Totalitarian state means when all aspects of life within a country are under the total control of a person or group, this is often referred to as a dictator. The aspects of life in Nazi Germany that I am going to examine are young people, women, the church, employment, leisure time, propaganda and censorship. After I have discussed these aspects of life I would finish off my essay with a conclusion answering the purpose of this essay. By 1934 Adolf Hitler appeared to have complete control over Germany, but like most dictators, he constantly feared that he might be†¦show more content†¦However, Adolf Hitler had his own reasons for wanting Roehm removed. Powerful supporters of Hitler had been complaining about Roehm for some time. Generals were afraid that the Sturm Abteilung (SA), a force of over 3 million men, would absorb the much smaller German Army into its ranks and Roehm would become its overall leader. Industrialists such as Albert Voegler, Gustav Krupp, Alfried Krupp, Fritz Thyssen and Emile Kirdorf, who had provided the funds for the Nazi victory, were unhappy with Roehms socialistic views on the economy and his claims that the real revolution had still to take place. Many people in the party also disapproved of the fact that Roehm and many other leaders of the SA were homosexuals. Adolf Hitler was also aware that Roehm and the SA had the power to remove him. Hermann Goering and Heinrich Himmler played on this fear by constantly feeding him with new information on Roehms proposed coup. Their masterstroke was to claim that Gregor Strasser, whom Hitler hated, was part of the planned conspiracy against him. With this news Hitler ordered all the SA leaders to attend a meeting in the Hanselbauer Hotel in Wiesse. Meanwhile Goering and Himmler were drawing up a list of people outside the SA that they wanted killed. The list included Strasser,Show MoreRelatedNazi Germany as a Totalitarian State Essay1473 Words   |  6 PagesNazi Germany as a Totalitarian State Goebbels once said the aim of the Nationalist Socialist Revolution must be a totalitarian state, which will permeate all aspects of public life In reality to put this into practise was a lot more difficult. From the outside, people assume that the Nazis had brainwashed every German citizen during their reign. By booking more closely, through Germanys archives we can see a better picture of what Germany was really like. TotalitarianRead MoreThe Soviet Union and Nazi Germany in the 1930s as Totalitarian States1265 Words   |  6 PagesThe Soviet Union and Nazi Germany in the 1930s as Totalitarian States A totalitarian state usually refers to a country in which the central government has total control over almost all aspects of peoples life. Main features include an infallible leader, one-party rule, elitism, strict party discipline, purges against enemies and political dissidents, planned economy, strong armaments, indoctrination, encouragement of nationalism, an official doctrine that everybody has Read MoreTo What Extent Did Nazi Germany Establish a Totalitarian State in the Years 1933 and 1939?2003 Words   |  9 PagesModern History Research Essay To what extent did the Nazis succeed in establishing a totalitarian state in Germany in the years between 1933 and 1939? The Nazis succeeded to a great degree in establishing a totalitarian state in Germany in the years between 1933 and 1939. A Totalitarian state is defined as a government that subordinates the individual to the state and strictly controls all aspects of life by coercive measures. A Totalitarian state aims to establish complete: - political -social/economicRead MoreHitler s A Totalitarian State1690 Words   |  7 Pagesintroduced a totalitarian state in Germany in the years between 1933 and 1939. A totalitarian state was defined as a government that promotes the individual to the state and strictly controls all aspects of life by extreme measures. There is no doubt that radical changes occurred as a result of significant decisions made and policies introduced by the party, but there appears to be strong evidence to suggest that their desire for popularity and power was not completely fulfilled. In order for Germany to beRead MoreThe Totalitarian Systems That Changed Lives Essay1370 Words   |  6 Pageswriting about the totalitarian systems and how they changed people’s lives. I am going to look into detail about the totalitarian systems, their facts, their main structures, how they came to power, why they came to power and what changed after they were abolished in two specific countries. A totalitarian system or totalitarianism, as its name states ‘total’, is a form of government where the state keeps public, cultural and other aspects of life under strict control. The totalitarian systems that IRead MoreIntroduction. This Assignment Will Discuss The Difference1514 Words   |  7 Pageswill discuss the difference between a Totalitarian state and a Liberal Democratic state. An example of a totalitarian state is Nazi Germany and Stalin in the Soviet Union. An example of a liberal democratic state would be South Africa and Australia. The aim of this assignment is to educate the reader on the difference between two states. A critical analysis will be made differentiating a totalitarian state and a liberal democratic state. A totalitarian state can be seen as a form of government thatRead MoreThe Totalitarian Aspects of Nazi Germany Essay947 Words   |  4 PagesThe Totalitarian Aspects of Nazi Germany The government of Nazi Germany was a fascist, totalitarian state. They ruled in Germany ever since Hitler became chancellor in 1933, to 1945. Totalitarianism was a form of government in which the state involves itself in all facts of society, including the daily life of its citizens. It penetrates and controls all aspects of public and private life, through the states use of propaganda, terror and technology. Totalitarian societiesRead MoreTo What Extent Can Nazism in Power Be Seen as Totalitarianism in the Period 1933-1939?1008 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to Fredrich’s â€Å"six point syndrome†, a totalitarian state must consist of an official ideology, a single mass party, terroristic police control, monopoly control of the media and arms and central control of the economy. During the Nazi Reich between 1933-1939, under Hitler as Fuhrer (supreme leader), the Nazi regime was able to successfully achieve aspects of totalitarianism by exerting tight control of the media and police; leading to control of certain aspects of German social, politicalRead MoreThe Meaning of the Term Totalitarianism Essay984 Words   |  4 Pagesstarted in Europe in the 1920s and 30s. It was an absolutism that emphasized the importance of the state at the expense of individual liberties. It displays the following features: One-party dictatorship and one-man rule were emphasized in a totalitarian state. Only one party ruled in a totalitarian state, for example, the Fascist Part in Italy, the Nazi Party in Germany and the Communist Party in the Soviet Union. All other political parties were made illegal, bannedRead MoreNazi Germany Positive And Negative Effects On The World War I1731 Words   |  7 PagesLife in Nazi Germany had many positive and negative effects on the people that were living there between 1933-1939. The treaty of Versailles was when Germany was in great despair. The Germans had to pay back repatriations for losing the war, they lost territory, accepted the blame for causing World War I and there was also the near elimination of the Germany army. This all lead Germany into suffering badly through the Great Depression. The Nazi party and their leader Adolf Hitler brought the Totalitarian

Hotel and Theme Park Free Essays

Earlier this year, my mum and dad decided that we would be going to Benidorm for a week at the beginning of the summer holidays. My sister, Tara and I were so excited for the holiday that we immediately started counting down the days even though it was April and we wouldn’t be going until the end of June/start of July. The months leading up to the holiday was a whirlwind of planning what we were taking and what we were going to do while we were there. We will write a custom essay sample on Hotel and Theme Park or any similar topic only for you Order Now Finally the day came and we were getting up at 3 am so we could get ready and catch the 6 o’clock plane from Edinburgh airport to Alicante airport. I remember bouncing in my seat in excitement while we were landing and letting out a squeal of happiness when we were safely on the ground and free to leave exit the plane. The first thing I felt when I departed the plane was the complete relaxation that the searing sun on my face brought to me. All too soon we were sitting in an overcrowded bus that would take us all to our different hotels. Our hotel was one of the first few stops as we were relatively close to the beach. On first look, the hotel (which I cannot for the life of me remember the name of) looked pretty standard. It wasn’t horrible looking however it didn’t look like the Ritz. However, once I got inside I was taken aback by how classy the reception area was. I couldn’t help but wonder if our room would be just as classy and lovely as the reception area. My answer to that particular question was no. The room was nice enough considering we wouldn’t be spending much time in there but I couldn’t help but be disappointed by the size of our room. The thing I enjoyed the most about our room was surprisingly the bathroom, the lighting in there was absolute perfection for getting ready in the morning and evening and the shower was to die for! I could just feel all the tension in my shoulders wash away while in that shower. Our first day in Benidorm wasn’t all that eventful, Tara and I spent most of our day out by the pool swimming (Tara) and soaking up some vitamin D (me). Eventually we had to leave the pool at about 8 o’clock for dinner which  would be starting soon. The dinner the hotel served was extraordinary! It was as if they had taken a dish from every country in the world and put it into a buffet where we could just take whatever tickled our fancy! Day two of our holiday of found us spending the day sunbathing at the beach and swimming in the sea. The water was a beautiful clear blue colour and the sand was golden. The highlight of day two for me though were the peaches that my dad bought at a fruit stall while we were walking down to the beach. They were the largest and juiciest peaches I had ever had and kept my stomach content until dinner time. On the third and fourth days of our time in Benidorm were spent in the theme park â€Å"Terra Mitica† which translates to ‘mythical land’. The theme park was split into 5 different parts: Egypt, Greece, Iberia, the Islands and Rome. Each area had their own rides and shows. Personally my favourite part was of the theme park was the boat ride around the park as it was decorated magically. Day five found us exploring the old and new town and the shops that they offered. We found a boat ride that would take us to Benidorm Island and while there we walked all the way to the top of the hill and down again which in the blistering heat was a very difficult feat to accomplish. The next day was spent at a secluded beach that we found while exploring the town. This beach was a little bit different to the main beach though, as there were fish swimming in the water with us. Our last day in Benidorm was spent at a marine animal park, â€Å"Mundomar† where we watched a bird, sea lion and dolphin show, looked at turtles/tortoises, lemurs, monkeys and seals and had our pictures taken with dolphins. It was the perfect ending to the holiday that had undoubtedly been the best holiday of my life. With our glowing tans, souvenirs and pictures that needed to be uploaded onto Facebook, we boarded the plane that would take us back to Edinburgh, I couldn’t help but feel disheartened by the fact that we were leaving this incredible, stunning and warm place and going back home to dreary Scotland! But as they say, all good things must come to an end. How to cite Hotel and Theme Park, Papers

Victor vroom expectancy theory free essay sample

Good morning to all. My topic is Victor Vroom’s Expectancy Theory of Motivation. Before moving to that lets understand what is motivation? Motivation is the internal dive to accomplish a particular goal. It defined as the process that initiates, guides and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. Motivation is what causes us to act, whether it is getting a glass of water to reduce thirst or reading a book to gain knowledge. It involves the biological, emotional, social and cognitive forces that activate behaviour. The term motivation is frequently used to describe why a person does something. There are many theories of motivation-MASLOW’S NEED HIERARCHY THEORY,ALDERFER’S ERG THEORY, McGregor’s X AND Y THEORY,HERZBERG’S TWO FACTOR THEORY,McCLELLAND’S ACHIEVEMENT THEORY,VICTOR VROOM’S EXPECTANCY THEORY,PORTER – LAWLER’S THEORY,EQUITY THEORY,GOAL SETTING THEORY,ATTRIBUTION THEORY,OUCHIS Z THEORY iam going to deal with the Victor VROOM’S Expectancy Theory. What is Expectancy Theory? Expectancy theory Expectation ?Victor Vrooms Expectancy Theory of Motivation Good morning to all. My topic is Victor Vroom’s Expectancy Theory of Motivation. Before moving to that lets understand what is motivation? Motivation is the internal dive to accomplish a particular goal. It defined as the process that initiates, guides and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. Motivation is what causes us to act, whether it is getting a glass of water to reduce thirst or reading a book to gain knowledge. It involves the biological, emotional, social and cognitive forces that activate behaviour. The term motivation is frequently used to describe why a person does something. There are many theories of motivation-MASLOW’S NEED HIERARCHY THEORY,ALDERFER’S ERG THEORY, McGregor’s X AND Y THEORY,HERZBERG’S TWO FACTOR THEORY,McCLELLAND’S ACHIEVEMENT THEORY,VICTOR VROOM’S EXPECTANCY THEORY,PORTER – LAWLER’S THEORY,EQUITY THEORY,GOAL SETTING THEORY,ATTRIBUTION THEORY,OUCHIS Z THEORY iam going to deal with the Victor VROOM’S Expectancy Theory. What is Expectancy Theory? Expectancy theory Expectation ?Victor Vrooms Expectancy Theory of Motivation Good morning to all. My topic is Victor Vroom’s Expectancy Theory of Motivation. Before moving to that lets understand what is motivation? Motivation is the internal dive to accomplish a particular goal. It defined as the process that initiates, guides and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. Motivation is what causes us to act, whether it is getting a glass of water to reduce thirst or reading a book to gain knowledge. It involves the biological, emotional, social and cognitive forces that activate behaviour. The term motivation is frequently used to describe why a person does something. There are many theories of motivation-MASLOW’S NEED HIERARCHY THEORY,ALDERFER’S ERG THEORY, McGregor’s X AND Y THEORY,HERZBERG’S TWO FACTOR THEORY,McCLELLAND’S ACHIEVEMENT THEORY,VICTOR VROOM’S EXPECTANCY THEORY,PORTER – LAWLER’S THEORY,EQUITY THEORY,GOAL SETTING THEORY,ATTRIBUTION THEORY,OUCHIS Z THEORY iam going to deal with the Victor VROOM’S Expectancy Theory. What is Expectancy Theory? Expectancy theory Expectation ?Victor Vrooms Expectancy Theory of Motivation Good morning to all. My topic is Victor Vroom’s Expectancy Theory of Motivation. Before moving to that lets understand what is motivation? Motivation is the internal dive to accomplish a particular goal. It defined as the process that initiates, guides and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. Motivation is what causes us to act, whether it is getting a glass of water to reduce thirst or reading a book to gain knowledge. It involves the biological, emotional, social and cognitive forces that activate behaviour. The term motivation is frequently used to describe why a person does something. There are many theories of motivation-MASLOW’S NEED HIERARCHY THEORY,ALDERFER’S ERG THEORY, McGregor’s X AND Y THEORY,HERZBERG’S TWO FACTOR THEORY,McCLELLAND’S ACHIEVEMENT THEORY,VICTOR VROOM’S EXPECTANCY THEORY,PORTER – LAWLER’S THEORY,EQUITY THEORY,GOAL SETTING THEORY,ATTRIBUTION THEORY,OUCHIS Z THEORY iam going to deal with the Victor VROOM’S Expectancy Theory. What is Expectancy Theory? Expectancy theory Expectation ?Victor Vrooms Expectancy Theory of Motivation Good morning to all. My topic is Victor Vroom’s Expectancy Theory of Motivation. Before moving to that lets understand what is motivation? Motivation is the internal dive to accomplish a particular goal. It defined as the process that initiates, guides and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. Motivation is what causes us to act, whether it is getting a glass of water to reduce thirst or reading a book to gain knowledge. It involves the biological, emotional, social and cognitive forces that activate behaviour. The term motivation is frequently used to describe why a person does something. There are many theories of motivation-MASLOW’S NEED HIERARCHY THEORY,ALDERFER’S ERG THEORY, McGregor’s X AND Y THEORY,HERZBERG’S TWO FACTOR THEORY,McCLELLAND’S ACHIEVEMENT THEORY,VICTOR VROOM’S EXPECTANCY THEORY,PORTER – LAWLER’S THEORY,EQUITY THEORY,GOAL SETTING THEORY,ATTRIBUTION THEORY,OUCHIS Z THEORY iam going to deal with the Victor VROOM’S Expectancy Theory. What is Expectancy Theory? Expectancy theory Expectation ?Victor Vrooms Expectancy Theory of Motivation Good morning to all. My topic is Victor Vroom’s Expectancy Theory of Motivation. Before moving to that lets understand what is motivation? Motivation is the internal dive to accomplish a particular goal. It defined as the process that initiates, guides and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. Motivation is what causes us to act, whether it is getting a glass of water to reduce thirst or reading a book to gain knowledge. It involves the biological, emotional, social and cognitive forces that activate behaviour. The term motivation is frequently used to describe why a person does something. There are many theories of motivation-MASLOW’S NEED HIERARCHY THEORY,ALDERFER’S ERG THEORY, McGregor’s X AND Y THEORY,HERZBERG’S TWO FACTOR THEORY,McCLELLAND’S ACHIEVEMENT THEORY,VICTOR VROOM’S EXPECTANCY THEORY,PORTER – LAWLER’S THEORY,EQUITY THEORY,GOAL SETTING THEORY,ATTRIBUTION THEORY,OUCHIS Z THEORY iam going to deal with the Victor VROOM’S Expectancy Theory. What is Expectancy Theory? Expectancy theory Expectation ?Victor Vrooms Expectancy Theory of Motivation Good morning to all. My topic is Victor Vroom’s Expectancy Theory of Motivation. Before moving to that lets understand what is motivation? Motivation is the internal dive to accomplish a particular goal. It defined as the process that initiates, guides and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. Motivation is what causes us to act, whether it is getting a glass of water to reduce thirst or reading a book to gain knowledge. It involves the biological, emotional, social and cognitive forces that activate behaviour. The term motivation is frequently used to describe why a person does something. There are many theories of motivation-MASLOW’S NEED HIERARCHY THEORY,ALDERFER’S ERG THEORY, McGregor’s X AND Y THEORY,HERZBERG’S TWO FACTOR THEORY,McCLELLAND’S ACHIEVEMENT THEORY,VICTOR VROOM’S EXPECTANCY THEORY,PORTER – LAWLER’S THEORY,EQUITY THEORY,GOAL SETTING THEORY,ATTRIBUTION THEORY,OUCHIS Z THEORY iam going to deal with the Victor VROOM’S Expectancy Theory. What is Expectancy Theory? Expectancy theory Expectation ?Victor Vrooms Expectancy Theory of Motivation Good morning to all. My topic is Victor Vroom’s Expectancy Theory of Motivation. Before moving to that lets understand what is motivation? Motivation is the internal dive to accomplish a particular goal. It defined as the process that initiates, guides and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. Motivation is what causes us to act, whether it is getting a glass of water to reduce thirst or reading a book to gain knowledge. It involves the biological, emotional, social and cognitive forces that activate behaviour. The term motivation is frequently used to describe why a person does something. There are many theories of motivation-MASLOW’S NEED HIERARCHY THEORY,ALDERFER’S ERG THEORY, McGregor’s X AND Y THEORY,HERZBERG’S TWO FACTOR THEORY,McCLELLAND’S ACHIEVEMENT THEORY,VICTOR VROOM’S EXPECTANCY THEORY,PORTER – LAWLER’S THEORY,EQUITY THEORY,GOAL SETTING THEORY,ATTRIBUTION THEORY,OUCHIS Z THEORY iam going to deal with the Victor VROOM’S Expectancy Theory. What is Expectancy Theory? Expectancy theory Expectation ?Victor Vrooms Expectancy Theory of Motivation Good morning to all. My topic is Victor Vroom’s Expectancy Theory of Motivation. Before moving to that lets understand what is motivation? Motivation is the internal dive to accomplish a particular goal. It defined as the process that initiates, guides and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. Motivation is what causes us to act, whether it is getting a glass of water to reduce thirst or reading a book to gain knowledge. It involves the biological, emotional, social and cognitive forces that activate behaviour. The term motivation is frequently used to describe why a person does something. There are many theories of motivation-MASLOW’S NEED HIERARCHY THEORY,ALDERFER’S ERG THEORY, McGregor’s X AND Y THEORY,HERZBERG’S TWO FACTOR THEORY,McCLELLAND’S ACHIEVEMENT THEORY,VICTOR VROOM’S EXPECTANCY THEORY,PORTER – LAWLER’S THEORY,EQUITY THEORY,GOAL SETTING THEORY,ATTRIBUTION THEORY,OUCHIS Z THEORY iam going to deal with the Victor VROOM’S Expectancy Theory. What is Expectancy Theory?

Karen Nash Essays - Crime, Criminal Law, Penology, Criminal Justice

Karen Nash English Composition I Wk6 Assignment April 11, 2017 Prisoners: Extended Stay All punishment has some aim which serves to justify the suffering that is inflicted on the offender. The main aims are retribution, incapacitation, rehabilitation, and deterrence. With retribution , punishment is a matter of what is deserved in return for a wrongful act. The punishment is proportionate punishment to the crime, and imposed on the offender for its own sake rather than to bring about a larger social benefit. The retributive theory of punishment is most often associated with the notion of "eye for and eye" justice, where the imposed punishment is equal to the harm done. The Latin expression for this is lex talionis , which literally means "law of retaliation". Sometimes the "eye for an eye" concept of punishment is taken literally, such as the following from the ancient Babylonian Law of Hammurabi (c. 1750 BCE): "If a man puts out the eye of another man, then his eye shall be put out. If he breaks another man's bone, then his bone shall be broken." The concept is probably most known from its appearance in the Hebrew Bible, that "Anyone who injures their neighbor is to be injured in the same manner: fracture for fractur e, eye for eye, tooth for tooth. The one who has inflicted the injury must suffer the same injury" (Leviticus. 24:19-21). By today's standards, though, strict adherence to "eye for and eye" justice in all cases can be cruel and even irrational: we do not punish rapists by raping them, or punish arsonists by burning down their houses. Rather, we seek redress through more humane types of suffering that we can impose on offenders. With incapacitation , punishment keeps offenders from repeating similar crimes, typically by physically restraining them. When we catch violent criminals, one of our first thoughts is to get them off the street before they harm others. With rehabilitation , punishment aims to change the offender's predisposition towards criminal behavior, and thus keeps him from becoming a threat to others when released into the community. Sometimes rehabilitation is facilitated through psychological counseling or other types of behavior-modification therapy. However, the assumption here is that any type of punishment, if it is memorable enough, will in and of itself discourage criminals from repeating crimes. We expect convicts to have learned their lesson and mended their anti-social ways. With deterrence , punishment is a means of discouraging others from committing similar offenses. If I see that an armed robber was punished with prison time, I will be less likely to commit armed robbery myself. The aim here is to use the criminal as an example from which others can learn. It is difficult to talk about the aims of punishment without mentioning the motive of revenge , which involves doing something from anger or resentment as a retaliatory measure. In our ordinary lives, revenge often plays a role in our motivations to have someone punished. Suppose, for example, that a mugger stabs you and leaves you with a life-threatening wound, or that you are brutally raped, or that a drunk driver crashes into your car killing one of your family members. In each of these cases you would likely want the perpetrator to not only be caught, but to suffer for his crime and get what he deserves. By harshly punishing the perpetrator, you can vent your rage and get some sense of satisfaction and closure from your ordeal. What distinguishes revenge from retributive aims of punishment is impartiality. Revenge stems from an individual's personal desire for retaliation, whereas retribution considers more abstractly what justice calls for in a specific situa tion. Similarly, revenge involves negative emotional states of anger or resentment, which should not be part of retributive reasoning. Let's grant that revenge is a normal part of our drive to punish offenders; the critical question, then, is whether revenge is a valid aim of punishment. On the one hand, part of our justice system aims to give satisfaction to the victims of crime, and it is routine for victims and their family members to testify at trials to help sway judges and jurors regarding the severity of the punishment that

Obedience to Authority Essay Example

Obedience to Authority Essay Example Obedience to Authority Essay Obedience to Authority Essay Obedience is a virtue, disobedience is a vice (Fromm 267). In Disobedience as a Psychological and Moral Problem, the author Erich Fromm implies that to be a human an individual must be free to obey and disobey (272). Being obedient requires the removal of freedom, which comes from expressing your thoughts, feelings and emotions, without any boundaries or pressures from other individuals. An obedient individual is submissive towards anothers will and does not have very much freedom. Obedience occurs and can be analyzed when there is a setting of power and expectations to follow authority and a shift in viewpoint. The Stanford Prison Experiment can be interpreted in terms of Milgrams findings on submission to authority. In The Perils of Obedience, Stanley Milgram conducts an experiment where individuals are forced to violate their conscience and to either obey or disobey the dissolute demands of an authority. The experiment tests the extent to which individuals will obey immoral commands when they are ordered to inflict pain on to learners. The teacher is a genuinely naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve subject who has come to the laboratory for the experiment. The learner, or victim, is actually an actor who receives no shock at all (Milgram 223). The experimenter orders the teacher to ask word pairs to the learner; for every word pair wrong, the learner gets shocked with increasing intensity. The individuals administering the shocks would do what was expected of them, [obeying] the orders of the experimenter to the end, punishing victim until they reached the most potent shock available on the generator. After 450 volts were administered three times, the experimenter called a halt to the session (224). The teachers did what they were told to do, even when the learners produced loud cries and screams; they simply obeyed the rules and performed their assigned tasks because it was expected of them. Milgram learned that, the experimenters physical presence has a marked impact on his authority (232). If the experimenter was present in the laboratory rather than on the phone, the teachers would refuse to do their assigned task less than if the experimenter were on the phone giving orders. In The Stanford Prison Experiment, Philip K. Zimbardo conducts an experiment where a group of males are selected to be prison guards or prisoners in a mock prison. The setting of the experiment was designed, as if it was a real prison. The prison guards were allowed to keep order in the prison by any means necessary; they obeyed the rules and performed their jobs as expected of them. They made the prisoners feel powerless, arbitrarily controlled, dependent, frustrated, hopeless, anonymous, dehumanized and emasculated (Zimbardo 256), simply because they were obeying rules. The authoritarian nature of the guards became serious when they insulted the prisoners, threatened them, were physically aggressive, used instruments to keep the prisoners in line and referred to them in impersonal, anonymous, deprecating ways (260). In order to fit into the setting the guards were in competition with each other to be stronger and more respected. They wanted to follow the behavior of the good guards [which] seemed more motivated by a desire to be liked by everyone in the system than by a concern for the inmates welfare (261). We learn that if the setting requires an individual to become an authoritarian, others will be submissive and obedient towards them. Also, the expectations to follow authority are highly regarded until a shift in viewpoint occurs within the individuals. A shift in viewpoint occurs when an individual realizes what they have done or are doing is not civilized and wrong. The essence of obedience is that a person comes to view himself as the instrument for carrying out another persons wishes, and he therefore no longer regards himself as responsible for his actions (Milgram 231). After the shift in viewpoint, obedience follows and the individuals dont regard themselves as being responsible for their own actions. The individuals feel responsible to the authority thats directing them but not responsible for their actions done in return to the command of the authority. An example in Milgrams experiment was a woman, Gretchen Brandt, who refused to continue on with the experiment after she administered 210 volts. We came here of our free will. If he wants to continue Ill go aheadIm sorry. I dont want to be responsible for anything happening to him. I wouldnt like it for me either. (Milgram 223). She kept proceeding at the experimenters command until she realized that she had the freedom and right to refuse. She did not want to be held responsible for the harm of the learner so she implicitly tried to leave the blame on the experimenter. In Zimbardos experiment, a prison guard gave his perspective on what it felt like to be a guard in the experiment: What made this experiment most depressing for me was the fact that we were continually called upon to act in a way that was contrary to what I really felt inside. I dont feel like Im the type of person that would be a guard-it just didnt seem like me, and to continually keep up and put on a face like that is just really one of the most oppressive things you can do. Its almost like a prison that you create yourself-you get into it, and it becomes almost the definition you make of yourself. (261)  The guard implies that you become a prisoner of your own obedience. He treated the prisoners unfairly because he wanted to be seen as a good prison guard. As a result, at the end of the experiments, the teachers and prison guards dont see themselves as being responsible for their actions; they hold others responsible for their actions. The teachers implicitly blame the experimenter and the prison guards implicitly blame the higher authority. In order to be obedient, individuals must be provoked by some sort of authority for the shift of viewpoint to prevail and become successful. Milgram implies that, [obedience is] socially organized evil in modern society (233). Therefore, in conclusion, obedience is a vice because it is an immoral practice, which causes human beings to play the blame-game in life.

Japans Genpei War, 1180 - 1185

Japan's Genpei War, 1180 - 1185 Date: 1180-1185 Location: Honshu and Kyushu, Japan Outcome: Minamoto clan prevails and almost wipes out Taira; Heian era ends and Kamakura shogunate begins The Genpei War (also romanized as Gempei War) in Japan was the first conflict between large samurai factions.  Although it happened nearly 1,000 years ago, people today still remember the names and accomplishments of some of the great warriors who fought in this civil war. Sometimes compared with Englands War of the Roses, the Genpei War featured two families fighting for power.  White was the clan color of the Minamoto, like the House of York, while the Taira used red like the Lancasters.  However, the Genpei War predated the Wars of the Roses by three hundred years.  In addition, the Minamoto and Taira were not fighting to take the throne of Japan; instead, each wanted to control the imperial succession. Lead-up to the War The Taira and Minamoto clans were rival powers behind the throne. They sought to control the emperors by having their own favorite candidates take the throne.  In the Hogen Disturbance of 1156 and the Heiji Disturbance of 1160, though, it was the Taira who came out on top.   Both families had daughters who had married into the imperial line.  However, after the Taira victories in the disturbances, Taira no Kiyomori became the Minister of State; as a result, he was able to ensure that his daughters three-year-old son became the next emperor in March of 1180.  It was the enthronement of little Emperor Antoku that led the Minamoto to revolt. War Breaks Out On May 5, 1180, Minamoto Yoritomo and his favored candidate for the throne, Prince Mochihito, sent out a call to war.  They rallied samurai families related to or allied with the Minamoto, as well as warrior monks from various Buddhist monasteries.  By June 15, Minister Kiyomori had issued a warrant for his arrest, so Prince Mochihito was forced to flee Kyoto and seek refuge in the monastery of Mii-dera.  With thousands of Taira troops marching toward the monastery, the prince and 300 Minamoto warriors raced south toward Nara, where additional warrior monks would reinforce them. The exhausted prince had to stop to rest, however, so the Minamoto forces took refuge with the monks at the easily defensible monastery of Byodo-in.  They hoped that monks from Nara would arrive to reinforce them before the Taira army did.  Just in case, however, they tore the planks from the only bridge across the river to Byodo-in. At first light the next day, June 20, the Taira army marched quietly up to Byodo-in, hidden by thick fog.  The Minamoto suddenly heard the Taira war-cry  and replied with their own.  A fierce battle followed, with monks and samurai firing arrows through the mist at one another.  Soldiers from the Tairas allies, the Ashikaga, forded the river and pressed the attack.  Prince Mochihito tried to escape to Nara in the chaos, but the Taira caught up with him and executed him.  The Nara monks marching toward Byodo-in heard that they were too late to help the Minamoto, and turned back.  Minamoto Yorimasa, meanwhile, committed the first classical seppuku in history, writing a death poem on his war-fan, and then cutting open his own abdomen. It seemed that the Minamoto revolt and thus the Genpei War had come to an abrupt end.  In vengeance, the Taira sacked and burned the monasteries that had offered aid to the Minamoto, slaughtering thousands of monks and burning Kofuku-ji and Todai-ji in Nara to the ground. Yoritomo Takes Over The leadership of the Minamoto clan passed to the 33-year-old Minamoto no Yoritomo, who was living as a hostage in the home of a Taira-allied family.  Yoritomo soon learned that there was a bounty on his head.  He organized some local Minamoto allies, and escaped from the Taira, but lost most of his small army in the Battle of Ishibashiyama on September 14.  Yoritomo escaped with his life, fleeing into the woods with Taira pursuers close behind.   Yoritomo made it to the town of Kamakura, which was solidly Minamoto territory.  He called in reinforcements from all of the allied families in the area.  On November 9, 1180, at the so-called Battle of the Fujigawa (Fuji River), the Minamoto and allies faced an over-extended Taira army.  With poor leadership and long supply lines, the Taira decided to withdraw back to Kyoto without offering a fight.   A hilarious and likely exaggerated account of the events at Fujigawa in the Heiki Monogatari claims that a flock of water-fowl on the river marshes was started into flight in the middle of the night.  Hearing the thunder of their wings, the Taira soldiers panicked and fled, grabbing bows without arrows or taking their arrows but leaving their bows.  The record even claims that Taira troops were mounting tethered animals and whipping them up so that they galloped round and round the post to which they were tied. Whatever the true cause of the Taira retreat, there followed a two-year lull in the fighting.  Japan faced a series of droughts and floods that destroyed the rice and barley crops in 1180 and 1181.  Famine and disease ravaged the countryside; an estimated 100,000 died.  Many people blamed the Taira, who had slaughtered monks and burned down temples.  They believed that the Taira had brought down the wrath of the gods with their impious actions, and noted that Minamoto lands did not suffer as badly as those controlled by the Taira. Fighting began again in July of 1182, and the Minamoto had a new champion called Yoshinaka, a rough-hewn cousin of Yoritomos, but an excellent general.  As Minamoto Yoshinaka won skirmishes against the Taira  and considered marching on Kyoto, Yoritomo grew increasingly concerned about his cousins ambitions.  He sent an army against Yoshinaka in the spring of 1183, but the two sides managed to negotiate a settlement rather than fighting one another. Fortunately for them, the Taira were in disarray.  They had conscripted a huge army, marching forth on May 10, 1183, but were so disorganized that their food ran out just nine miles east of Kyoto.  The officers ordered the conscripts to plunder food as they passed from their own provinces, which were just recovering from the famine.  This prompted mass desertions. As they entered Minamoto territory, the Taira divided their army into two forces.  Minamoto Yoshinaka managed to lure the larger section into a narrow valley; at the Battle of Kurikara, according to the epics, Seventy thousand horsemen of the Taira perish[ed], buried in this one deep valley; the mountain streams ran with their blood... This would prove the turning point in the Genpei War. Minamoto In-Fighting Kyoto erupted in panic at the news of the Taira defeat in Kurikara.  On August 14, 1183, the Taira fled the capital.  They took along most of the imperial family, including the child emperor, and the crown jewels.  Three days later, Yoshinakas branch of the Minamoto army marched into Kyoto, accompanied by the former Emperor Go-Shirakawa. Yoritomo was nearly as panicked as the Taira were by his cousins triumphal march.  However, Yoshinaka soon earned the hatred of the citizens of Kyoto, allowing his troops to pillage and rob people regardless of their political affiliation.  In February of 1184, Yoshinaka heard that Yoritomos army was coming to the capital to expel him, led by another cousin, Yoritomos courtly younger brother Minamoto Yoshitsune.  Yoshitsunes men quickly dispatched Yoshinakas army.  Yoshinakas wife, the famous female samurai Tomoe Gozen, is said to have escaped after taking a head as a trophy.  Yoshinaka himself was beheaded while trying to escape on February 21, 1184. End of the War and Aftermath: What remained of the Taira loyalist army retreated into their heartland.  It took the Minamoto some time to mop them up.  Almost a year after Yoshitsune ousted his cousin from Kyoto, in February of 1185, the Minamoto seized the Taira fortress and make-shift capital at Yashima.   On March 24, 1185, the final major battle of the Genpei War took place.  It was a naval battle in the Shimonoseki Strait, a half-day fight called the Battle of Dan-no-ura. Minamoto no Yoshitsune commanded his clans fleet of 800 ships, while Taira no Munemori led the Taira fleet, 500 strong.  The Taira were more familiar with the tides and currents in the area, so initially were able to surround the larger Minamoto fleet and pin them down with long-range archery shots.  The fleets closed in for hand-to-hand combat, with samurai leaping aboard their opponents ships and fighting with long and short swords.  As the battle wore on, the turning tide forced the Taira ships up against the rocky coastline, pursued by the Minamoto fleet. When the tides of battle turned against them, so to speak, many of the Taira samurai jumped into the sea to drown rather than being killed by the Minamoto.  The seven-year-old Emperor Antoku and his grandmother also jumped in and perished.  Local people believe that small crabs that live in the Shimonoseki Strait are possessed by the ghosts of the Taira samurai; the crabs have a pattern on their shells that looks like a samurais face. After the Genpei War, Minamoto Yoritomo formed the first bakufu and ruled as Japans first shogun from his capital at Kamakura.  The Kamakura shogunate was the first of various bakufu that would rule the country until 1868  when the Meiji Restoration returned political power to the emperors. Ironically, within thirty years of the Minamoto victory in the Genpei War, political power would be usurped from them by regents (shikken) from the Hojo clan.  And who were they?  Well, the Hojo were a branch of the Taira family. Sources Arnn, Barbara L.  Local Legends of the Genpei War: Reflections of Medieval Japanese History, Asian Folklore Studies, 38:2 (1979), pp. 1-10. Conlan, Thomas.  The Nature of Warfare in Fourteenth-Century Japan: The Record of Nomoto Tomoyuki, Journal for Japanese Studies, 25:2 (1999), pp. 299-330. Hall, John W.  The Cambridge History of Japan, Vol. 3, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1990). Turnbull, Stephen.  The Samurai: A Military History, Oxford: Routledge (2013).